Filipino Biologist Angel Alcala and Artifical Coral Reefs

Angel Alcal has more than thirty years of experience in tropical marine resource conservationa. Angel Alcala is considered a world class authority in ecology and biogeography of amphibians and reptiles, and is behind the invention of artifical coral reefs to be used for fisheries in Southeast Asia. Angel Alcala is the Director of the Angelo King Center for Research and Environmental Management. Angel Alcala - Degrees: Undergraduate degree Silliman UniversityPh.D. Stanford University Angel Alcala - Awards: 1994 - The Field Museum Founders Council Award of Merit for contributions to environmental biologyMagsaysay Award for Public ServicePew Fellowship in Marine Conservation Work with Philippine Amphibians Reptiles: Angel Alcala has done the most comprehensive studies on Philippine amphibians and reptiles, and minor studies on birds and mammals. His research done between 1954 to 1999 lead to the addition of fifty new species of amphibians and reptiles.

Understanding Quantiles Definitions and Uses

Summary statistics such as the median, first quartile and third quartile are measurements of position. This is because these numbers indicate where a specified proportion of the distribution of data lies. For instance, the median is the middle position of the data under investigation. Half of the data have values less than the median. Similarly, 25% of the data have values less than the first quartile and 75% of the data have values less than the third quartile. This concept can be generalized. One way to do this is to consider percentiles. The 90th percentile indicates the point where 90% percent of the data have values less than this number. More generally, the pth percentile is the number n for which p% of the data is less than n. Continuous Random Variables Although the order statistics of median, first quartile, and third quartile are typically introduced in a setting with a discrete set of data, these statistics can also be defined for a continuous random variable. Since we are working with a continuous distribution we use the integral. The pth percentile is a number n such that: ∠«-â‚ ¶n f ( x ) dx p/100. Here f ( x ) is a probability density function. Thus we can obtain any percentile that we want for a continuous distribution. Quantiles A further generalization is to note that our order statistics are splitting the distribution that we are working with. The median splits the data set in half, and the median, or 50th percentile of a continuous distribution splits the distribution in half in terms of area. The first quartile, median and third quartile partition our data into four pieces with the same count in each. We can use the above integral to obtain the 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles, and split a continuous distribution into four portions of equal area. We can generalize this procedure. The question that we can start with is given a natural number n, how can we split the distribution of a variable into n equally sized pieces? This speaks directly to the idea of quantiles. The n quantiles for a data set are found approximately by ranking the data in order and then splitting this ranking through n - 1 equally spaced points on the interval. If we have a probability density function for a continuous random variable, we use the above integral to find the quantiles. For n quantiles, we want: The first to have 1/n of the area of the distribution to the left of it.The second to have 2/n of the area of the distribution to the left of it.The rth to have r/n of the area of the distribution to the left of it.The last to have (n - 1)/n of the area of the distribution to the left of it. We see that for any natural number n, the n quantiles correspond to the 100r/nth percentiles, where r can be any natural number from 1 to n - 1. Common Quantiles Certain types of quantiles are used commonly enough to have specific names. Below is a list of these: The 2 quantile is called the medianThe 3 quantiles are called tercilesThe 4 quantiles are called quartilesThe 5 quantiles are called quintilesThe 6 quantiles are called sextilesThe 7 quantiles are called septilesThe 8 quantiles are called octilesThe 10 quantiles are called decilesThe 12 quantiles are called duodecilesThe 20 quantiles are called vigintilesThe 100 quantiles are called percentilesThe 1000 quantiles are called permilles Of course, other quantiles exist beyond the ones in the list above. Many times the specific quantile used matches the size of the sample from a continuous distribution. Use of Quantiles Besides specifying the position of a set of data, quantiles are helpful in other ways. Suppose we have a simple random sample from a population, and the distribution of the population is unknown. To help determine if a model, such as a normal distribution or Weibull distribution is a good fit for the population we sampled from, we can look at the quantiles of our data and the model. By matching the quantiles from our sample data to the quantiles from a particular probability distribution, the result is a collection of paired data. We plot these data in a scatterplot, known as a quantile-quantile plot or q-q plot. If the resulting scatterplot is roughly linear, then the model is a good fit for our data.

Ocean Acidification Definition

The oceans have reduced the effects of global warming for thousands of years by absorbing carbon dioxide. Now the basic chemistry of the oceans is changing because of our activities, with devastating consequences for marine life. What Causes Ocean Acidification? Its no secret that global warming is a major issue. A main cause of global warming is our release of carbon dioxide, primarily through the burning of fossil fuels and the burning of vegetation. Over time, the oceans have helped this problem by absorbing excess carbon dioxide. According to NOAA, the oceans have absorbed nearly half of the fossil fuel emissions weve generated over the past 200 years. As the carbon dioxide is absorbed, it reacts with the ocean water to form carbonic acid. This process is called ocean acidification. Over time, this acid causes the pH of the oceans to decrease, making ocean water more acidic. This can have drastic consequences on corals and other marine life, with cascading impacts on the fishing and tourism industries. More About pH and Ocean Acidification The term pH is a measure of acidity. If youve ever had an aquarium, you know that pH is important, and pH needs to be adjusted to optimal levels for your fish to thrive. The ocean has an optimal pH, too. As the ocean becomes more acidic, it becomes more difficult for corals and organisms to build skeletons and shells using calcium carbonate. In addition, the process of acidosis, or buildup of carbonic acid in body fluids, may affect fish and other marine life by compromising their ability to reproduce, breathe and fight diseases. How Bad is the Ocean Acidification Problem? On a pH scale, 7 is neutral, with 0 the most acidic and 14 the most basic. The historical pH of sea water is about 8.16, leaning on the basic side of the scale.The pH of our oceans has fallen to 8.05 since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. While this may not seem like a big deal, this is a change greater in magnitude than any time in the 650,000 years before the Industrial Revolution. The pH scale is also logarithmic, so that slight change in pH results in a 30 percent increase in acidity. Another problem is that once the oceans get their fill of carbon dioxide, scientists think the oceans could become a carbon dioxide source, rather than a sink. This means the ocean will contribute to the global warming problem by adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Effects of Ocean Acidification on Marine Life The effects of ocean acidification can be dramatic and far-reaching, and will affect animals such as fish, shellfish, corals, and plankton. Animals such as clams, oysters, scallops, urchins and corals that rely on calcium carbonate to build shells will have a difficult time building them, and protecting themselves as the shells will be weaker. In addition to having weaker shells, mussels will also have a reduced ability to grip  as the increased acid weakens their byssal threads. Fish will also need to adapt to the changing pH and work harder to remove acid out of its blood, which can impact other behaviors, such as reproduction, growth and food digestion. On the other hand, some animals such as lobsters and crabs may adapt well as their shells become stronger in more acidic water. Many of the possible effects of ocean acidification are unknown or still being studied. What Can We Do About Ocean Acidification? Lowering our emissions will help the ocean acidification problem, even if that just slows the impacts long enough to give species time to adapt. Read the Top 10 Things You Can Do to Reduce Global Warming for ideas on how you can help. Scientists have acted swiftly on this issue. The response has included the Monaco Declaration,  in which 155 scientists from 26 countries declared in January 2009 that: Ocean acidification is accelerating and severe damages are imminent;Ocean acidification will have broad socioeconomic impacts, affecting marine food webs, causing substantial changes in commercial fish stocks and threatening food security for millions of people;Ocean acidification is rapid, but recovery is slow;Ocean acidification can be controlled only by limiting future atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. The scientists called for intense efforts to research the problem, evaluate its impacts and cut emissions drastically to help curb the problem. Sources: Fabry, V.J., Seibel, B.A., Feely, R.A. and J.C. Orr. 2008. . Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. ICES Journalof Marine Science, 65: 414–432.Feely, R.A., Sabine, C.L, and V.J. Fabry. 2006. Carbon Dioxide and Our Ocean Legacy. (Online) NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Science Brief. Accessed March 7, 2009.McAuliffe, K. 2008. Ocean Acidification: A Global Case of Osteoporosis. (Online) Discover. Accessed March 7, 2009.Monaco Declaration. 2008. Monaco Declaration on Oceans. Accessed July 21, 2015.Smithsonian Ocean Portal. Ocean Acidification.  Accessed July 21, 2015.

What Is Organizational Behavior - 1458 Words

Organizational Behavior - a systematic study of a person’s behavior. Several issues of interest to organizational behavior researchers: Motivation, Emotions, Personality and Communication. (Self Assessment Library? IV.G.1) Interpersonal Skills: A. Importance of Interpersonal Skills in the Workplace. Previously, Business School focused on technical aspects of management, inc: econ, accounting, finance, etc. Human Behavior and People skills was barely covered. Last 30 years though, business teachers have realized the role of understanding human behavior in determining a manager’s effectiveness and thusly required courses on people skills are now included in MBA programs. Why? Developing a manager’s interpersonal†¦show more content†¦PEOPLE SKILLS! It’s important! But we don’t call it that, we call it ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR or OB (which is also the abbreviation for Obstetrician, but who’s counting) This field studies three determinants of behavior in organizations: 1. Individuals 2. Groups 3. Structure In sum, it’s the study of what people do and how their behavior affects the organizations’ performance. This includes: leader behavior, communication, group structure, learning, attitude development, conflict, work design and work stress. COMPLEMENTING INTUITION WITH SYSTEMATIC STUDY Casual/common sense approach to â€Å"reading people† often leads to erroneous predictions. You can improve your predictive ability with supplementing intuition with a SYSTEMATIC APPROACH - this is the belief that behavior is NOT random. Rather, we can identify behavior and modify it to reflect individual differences. SYSTEMATIC STUDY: ie: Fundamental Consistencies - these are important because while behavior is generally predictable, the systematic study of behavior means making reasonable predictions based on said study - cause and effect, relationships and scientific evidence. EBM: Evidence-Based Management - compliments Systematic Study by basing management decisionsShow MoreRelatedwhat is organizational behavior1418 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿1. What is Organizational Behavior? Study of the impact individuals, groups, and structure has on behavior within an organization. This is studied by managers to improve an organizations work environment to find methods to increase the bottom line. Basically it is a study of the way people act within an organization when exposed to different elements such as leadership styles, behaviors of others, and incentives. 2. Maslow theory hierarchy of needs? Physiological- Basic needs or body needs; foodRead MoreWhat Are Organizational Behavior? Essay2208 Words   |  9 Pages1.4 What is Organizational Behavior? Organizational behavior is the systematic study and careful application of knowledge about how people – as individuals and as groups – act within organizations. 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Evolutions vs Creationism Free Essays

Creationism Vs Evolution Attention-getting opener: Tonight I am going to talk about Creationism Vs Evolution. Do you know that 800 million people have died in religion’s wars?. * Introduction 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Evolutions vs Creationism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The  creation–evolution controversy  is a recurring dispute about the origins of the Earth, humanity, life, and the universe. 2. The creation-evolution controversy began in Europe and North America in the late 18th century when new interpretations of geology were demonstrated in the  fossil  geological sequence  prompted  early ideas of evolution. * Preview In this speech I’m going to talk to you about 3 important topics. 1. The Creation by the hand of God. 2. The origin of species and natural selection by Darwin. 3. A combined view of the creationism and evolution. * Transition 1 In the first place, let’s talk about the creation by the hand of God. The Creationism  is the  religious belief  that  life, the  Earth, and the  universe  are the  creation  of a  supernatural  being. All made in the image and likeness of God and explains the facts based on the assumption of a supernatural, completed process. Transition 2 Also, I’ll speak of Darwin’s theory. The evolution by natural selection, it’s when more offspring are produced than can possibly survive. When members of a population die they are replaced by the progeny of parents that were better adapted to survive and reproduce in the environment in which natural selection took place. In other words, only the strongest will survive. * Transition 3 Lastly, I show you a combination between Creationism and Evolution. This is a theory that not too many people believe in it, because those who believe in the creationism, not believe in the evolution and vice versa. * Conclusion Given these facts, everyone is free to choose which theory is better for himself. Once the person has established his beliefs, should be respected and he should respect the others beliefs to avoid as many fights and wars as possible and live in a better place. * Memorable closing remarks If you wish to believe in creation or evolution, that is fine, but please don’t judge other people just because they have a different belief than ours. How to cite Evolutions vs Creationism, Papers

Stock Exchange free essay sample

What is Stock Exchange? A stock exchange is the market place for the purchase and sale of second hand securities. It provides trading facilities for stock brokers and traders, to trade shares of the listed companies and other financial instruments such as Term Finance Certificates and Derivatives. Stock exchanges also provide facilities for the issue (listing), redemption (delisting) of securities and other capital events including the payment of income and dividends. It is a key institution for smooth functioning and steady growth of the corporate sector and can be seen as a key to the economic life of a nation. Stock exchange is the home of the capital and pivot of the money market, providing proper mobility for capital. The securities of joint-stock companies, government securities and securities issued by semi-government organization are dealt with on a stock exchange. History of Stock Exchange The history of stock exchanges can be traced to 12th century France, when the first brokers (the role of an individual or a firm when it acts as an agent for a customer and charges the customer a commission for its services) are believed to have developed, trading in debt and government securities. We will write a custom essay sample on Stock Exchange or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unofficial share markets existed across Europe through the 1600s, where brokers would meet outside or in coffee houses to make trades. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, created in 1602, became the first official stock exchange when it began trading shares of the Dutch East India Company. These were the first company shares ever issued. By the early 1700s there were fully operational stock exchanges in France and England, and America followed in the later part of the century. Share exchanges became an important way for companies to raise capital for investment, while also offering investors the opportunity to share in company profits. The early days of the stock exchange experienced many scandals and share crashes, as there was little to no regulation and almost anyone was allowed to participate in the exchange. Today, stock exchanges operate around the world, and they have become highly regulated institutions. Investors wanting to buy and sell shares must do so through a share broker, who pays to own a seat on the exchange. Companies with shares traded on an exchange are said to be listed and they must meet specific criteria, which varies across exchanges. Most stock exchanges began as floor exchanges, where traders made deals face-to-face. The largest stock exchange in the world, the New York Stock Exchange, continues to operate this way, but most of the worlds exchanges have now become fully electronic. Functions of Stock Market ? Ready Market Stock exchange is a continuous market for the resale of existing securities. It is a centre where buyers and sellers assemble to deal in securities at any time during the business hours. It enables investors to realize quickly their shares and debentures. This facility encourages people to invest in business enterprise by means of buying industrial securities. It helps new investors to obtain securities at any time at market price. ? Protection to investors Protection of the interest of the investors is another function of stock exchange. This it does by ensuring safety and fair dealing to the average investors through strict enforcement of its rules and regulations. Without the cover of a stock exchange there may be unfair competition between different brokers. The investors may be deceived by clever and dishonest brokers. In a stock exchange any malpractice by a broker carries a severe penalty. ? Profitable use of funds Another major function of the stock exchange is the mobilization of surplus funds of individuals firms and companies for investment in industrial securities. Without the stock exchange, these funds would have remained idle. It directs the surplus funds into the most profitable channel and thereby secures their effective utilization. People invest their savings in companies yielding good returns. Stock exchange in Pakistan In Pakistan there are three stock exchanges, ? Karachi stock exchange (KSE) Lahore stock exchange (LSE) ? Islamabad stock exchange (ISE) Karachi Stock Exchange The KSE is the first stock exchange of Pakistan established in September 18, 1947 and incorporated in March 10, 1949. KSE start with 5 companies with a paid-up capital of RS 37 million. The first index was the KSE 100 index. KSE Indices Family ? KSE 100 The KSE100 index is a benchmark by which the stock price p erformance can be compared to over a period of time. In particular, the KSE 100 is designed to provide investors with a sense of how the Pakistan equity market is performing. Thus, the KSE100 is similar to other indicators that track various sectors of the Pakistan economic activity such as the gross national product, consumer price index, etc. The KSE-100 Index was introduced in November 1991 with base value of 1,000 points. The Index comprises of 100 companies selected on the basis of sector representation and highest market capitalization, which tracks over 85% of the total market capitalization of the companies listed on the Exchange. ? KSE-30 Index The Karachi Stock Exchange has launched the KSE-30 Index with base value of 10,000 points, formally implemented from Friday, September 1, 2006. The main feature of this index that makes it different from other indices is: ? Based on the â€Å"Free Float Methodology† ? It includes only the top 30 most liquid companies listed on the KSE. ? KMI-30 ? Index introduced in September, 2008 ? Tracks the 30 most liquid Shariah-compliant companies listed at KSE weighted by free float adjusted market capitalization. ? Shariah Screening performed by Shariah Supervisory Board of Meezan Bank (chaired by Justice (Retd. ) Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani). ? KSE All Share Index ? It consists of all the companies listed on the KSE. ? KSE-GTOi Oil Gas Sector plays vital roles in Pakistan’s economy and therefore KSE has developed a Tradable Oil Gas Index which tracks at least 80% free-float market capitalization of the Oil Gas Sector. This index provides Investors and Market Intermediaries with an appropriate benchmark that captures the performance of each segment of the economy. KSE-100 Composition Basis The selection criteria for stock inclusion in the existing KSE-100 Index is based on three main filters, namely Sector rule, Capitalization rule and Default rule. The top sector companies may also qualify for inclusion on the basis of their market capitalization. Sector Rule Largest market capitalization in each Karachi Stock Exchange sectors excluding Open-end Mutual Fund Sector ? The Largest Capitalization Rule The remaining index places are taken up by the largest market capitalization companies in descending order. ? The Default Counter and Non Tradable Rule Company which is on the Defaulters’ Counter and/or its trading is suspended; declare Non-Tradable (i. e. NT) in preceding 6 months from the date of re-composition shall not be considered in the re-composition of KSE-100 Index . How many stocks are registered and categories? The total number of companies listed in KSE is 572 with a listed capital of RS. 1103072. 80 million ? In KSE companies are listed under following categories according to the nature of their industry. |Sector Wise Categories of Companies | |Oil and Gas |Pharma and Bio Tech | |Chemicals |Media |Forestry |Travel leisure | |Industrial metals and mining |Fixed line Telecommunication | |General industries |Electricity | |Electronic and electrical Goods |Multiutilities | |Engineering |Commercial Banks | |Industrial Transportation |Non Life Insurance | |Support services |Life insurance | |Automobile and Parts |Real estate investment and services | |Beverages |financial services | |Food Producers |Equity Investment Instruments | |Household Goods |Software and comp uter services | |Leisure Goods. |Technology Hardware and Equipment | |Personal Goods | | |Personal Goods | | |Tobacco | | Advance /Decline: If there is increasing trend in the prices of share then we said that the market gains the index or points and vice versa. Points: Points shows the Overall worth of the market. There are many factors that influence the market points and due to these factors market’s point increases or increases. These factors consist of formulae of capital structure and other related things. In Pakistan value of 1 point is approximately equal to 5 crores and it changes due to inflation and other economic factors. When an individual invest an amount equal to 5 Crores then 1 point increases and when he/she pull back his investment then 1 point decreases 1 point = 5 Crores

The Basics of Information Security

Question: Describe about The Basics of Information Security? Answer: Introduction The aim of this report is to present a software architecture report for the e-grading system for UoI. In the next parts of the report, there will be use case view of the system, physical and logical view including deployment and component and connector view. The architectural style, security architecture of the system will also be discussed. Background University of Intellect1 or UoI has decided to purchase a new e-grading information system for its student assessment process. The university has some legacy systems for keeping records of the student in Student Records Information System or SRIS, LDAP and Assessment Moderation System or AMS. The SRIS and LDAP is needed to be integrated with the new e-grading information system. On the other hand, the AMS will work independently though there will be a connection with the new information system. Use Case View Assessment administrator will add and modify modules, courses, register student to some module. On the other hand lecturers can submit marks of module and courses. Based on those marks submission the e-grading system will suggest decisions on the results of the student. These suggestions will be reported to the assessment administrator. Students will be able to review marks, view result etc. The system will send update messages to the students about updates on their marks, results etc. (Satzinger, Jackson, Burd, 2008) So, the actors of the e-grading system will be assessment administrator, lecturer and student. The use case view for the given scenario is, The primary secondary actors, pre-conditions, post conditions and triggers for each use case are summarized below, Use Case Primary actor Secondary actor Pre-condition Post-condition Trigger Add new Student Assessment Administrator Student N/A Details of a student will be added to the system. N/A Add Course Assessment Administrator N/A N/A Details of a new course will be added to the system. N/A Modify Course Assessment Administrator N/A The course should exist in the system. Details of the course will be updated. N/A Add Module Assessment Administrator N/A N/A Details of a new module will be added to the system. N/A Modify Module Assessment Administrator N/A The module should exist in the system. Details of the module will be updated. N/A Register to a Course Assessment Administrator Student The course and the student should exist in the system. The student will be registered to the course. N/A Submit marks of Modules Lecturer N/A N/A A lecturer adds marks of students for a module. N/A Submit Marks of Course Lecturer N/A N/A A lecturer submits marks of the students for a course. N/A Generate Reports N/A N/A The marks of the students should be available in the system. The system will generate reports for meetings. N/A Suggest Decisions N/A N/A The marks should be present in the system. The system will suggest decisions based on the conditions given to the system. N/A Calculate Module Score N/A N/A The scores of students for the module should be present in the system. The score for a module will be calculated and compared with some threshold value. Assessment administrator has asked the system to suggest decision. Calculate credit N/A N/A The scores of a module should be present in the system. The credit a module will be calculated. Marks in a module 40% Check year of the student N/A N/A Marks in a module 40% The system will check the current year of the student. Accumulated credits credits for student's level Award Degree N/A N/A Accumulated credits credits for student's level The student will be awarded a degree The student is a final year student. Proceed to Next Level N/A N/A The student is a non-final year student. The student will proceed to the next level. The student is a non-final year student. Get DC N/A N/A Marks in module 40%. Average level mark = 40%. The student will get discretionary compensation and pass the year. Marks in module 40%. Average level mark = 40%. Get AC N/A N/A The number of credits achieved by a student the number of credits in their level-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  20 credits; and the level average mark 40%; and all non-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ pass module marks are between 30 and 39 The student will get automatic compensation of a failed module and classification will be calculated as level 3. The number of credits achieved by a student the number of credits in their level-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  20 credits; and the level average mark 40%; and all non-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ pass module marks are between 30 and 39 Re-sit in Failed Modules N/A N/A The student fails to get AC, DC and has failed in the module. The student will have to re-sit in the failed modules. N/A Repeat year with Attendance N/A N/A Student has failed in the course. The student will have to repeat the modules with attendance. N/A Review Marks Student N/A Marks should be available in the system A student will be able to review his/ her marks. N/A View Result Student N/A N/A A student will be able to see the results. N/A Send Update Message Student N/A The contact number or email id of the students should be present in the system. SMS or Email will be sent to the students. These will contain updates about their marks or results. N/A Physical and Logical View Physical and logical views are more related to the deployment and execution time behavior of a system. Rather than focusing on functionalities, in this case more focus is given on how the system component will be deployed in real time, during execution how those will interact with one another, how those will communicate etc. These views become more meaningful when the system is developed and runs. Deployment view Deployment view of software architecture is focused on the different facets of the system that will be important parts of the system after testing and while transition to go live stage. In deployment view, physical and hardware environment of the targeted system is considered. Thus, facilities like processing nodes, disk storage, other systems, network interconnections etc. are useful. On the other hand, technical details of the environment, like requirement specification of each node of the system, runtime environment of the software elements etc. are also useful. The deployment environment considered in a deployment view may not be obvious to all stakeholder during preparing the deployment view. It will be meaningful to them after deployment of the system. (Bass, Clements, Kazman, 2003) The deployment view of the e-grading system has been given below. The systems like LDAP, SRIS etc. are needed to be connected to the e-grading system and that has been shown in the deployment view. In this deployment view, it shows, that the architecture will follow some client server architecture. There will be a backend webserver for the student e-grading system. It will communicate with the application server by RMI. The application server will have different components of the e-grading system. In turns the application server will interact with university student database, SRIS, LDAP and AMS systems. Component and Connector View A component and connector view contains two types of elements, components and connectors. A component is a computational unit, data store etc. and those are needed during execution in the system. On the other hand, a connector is an interaction between components. Thus, in component and connector view of a system the run time structure of the system is depicted. It shows, what components will intact with other components during runtime environment. Components are the nodes of a component connector view and connectors are shown as edges. (Vogel, Arnold, Chughtai, Kehrer, 2011) Architectural Style Architectural style focuses on a system based on some large scale use of the system. A style can be focused on conceptual, executional or implementation views of a system. Sometimes, a particular principle of a system, can constraint the architectural style of a system. Mainly, it focuses on organization of the components of the system, manipulation of data, communication among the components etc. In the e grading system for UoI, web based architecture style has been used. Web architecture style has been selected as the e-grading system will be developed based on some web browser based interface. Security Architecture Security is important for a software. To implement different security features into a software, it is needed to incorporate security mechanisms into the architecture of the software. There are different types of attacks to the system. If there is some vulnerability in the software itself then attacking those systems become easier for the attackers. Thus implementation of security is needed from the very beginning. A software security architecture is like a framework for the security design of the software. Any software security architecture will have four security stages of information security. Those stages are protection, prevention, detection and reaction. All this can be documented in the security design architecture. (Clements, et al., 2010) A good security design architecture can be applied multiple times in a software design. There is no need to reinvent some security design for each module or each component of the system design architecture. The security architecture should cover all aspects of information security that are related to the software. There are differences between a security policy adopted by some organization and the security architecture adopted by the same organization. A security architecture will have a set of security standards and policies. There will be rules about access control, test plan design and boundary checking, testing process necessary to certify an application etc. Collectively all these will help in security decision making and building an organization wide security architecture. (Fernandez-Buglioni, 2013) In software development the rules from the security architecture will be followed up. For example, there will be clear implementation of access control, authentication etc. The test plans will be designed in such a way that these security principles will be tested. (Ramachandran, 2002) The security architecture view of e-grading system is, As illustrated in the security architecture view, it should focus on organization of the components of the system, strategies, building decisions, data structures and algorithms, functionalities of the system, error handling and processing, fault tolerance etc. Different security modules like authenticator, session manager, authorizer, cache management, cryptography and encryption etc. are managed by the security manager of the system. Conclusion In the software architectural document different views of the student e-grading system have been discussed. The main views like use case view, physical and logical view and security architecture views have been discussed. Use case view gives information about functionalities and behavior of the system. It describes how different actors and other external systems interacts with the e-grading system. It also shows what the main functionalities of the system are and how those are connected to different actors. While describing physical and logical views, there are two different views, deployment view and component and connector views. These views are more related to the deployment and implementation aspects of the system. These views shows how different components of the system are communicating and connected with one another, how other systems like SRIS, AMS, and LDAP etc. are connected to the e-grading system etc. There is a brief description of the architectural style of the system. Then there is a discussion on security architecture and security architecture view of the system. References Ambler, S. W. (2005). The Elements of UML(TM) 2.0 Style. Cambridge University Press. Andress, J. (2014 ). The Basics of Information Security. Syngress. Babers, C. (2006). Architecture Development Made Simple. Lulu. Bass, L., Clements, P., Kazman, R. (2003). Software Architecture in Practice. 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